onpriavwrwb

Click:Hinode 350GH-160UL Fuses

本教程适用版本：WPS 365 点击免费使用

我们在利用Excel表格进行日常办公时，经常需要制作各种各样的表格，当我们需要将表格的内容移动到其他单元格进行覆盖的时候，通常会选择拖动单元格进行覆盖，但有一个问题，如果拖动的单元格是带有公式的，就不能随意拖动了，那该如何操作呢，今天我们就来教大家这个小技巧，一起来学习一下吧。

<caption attachment_14656" align="aligncenter" width="615"] 正确复制带公式数值的方法

首先，我们看到如下表格，先选中单元格数据。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

然后拖动到收入列的时候，就会弹出对话框，显示此处已有数据，是否替换它的对话框，单击确定。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

我们看到收入列就显示错误#REF！，无法正常覆盖数据。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

那该如何操作呢？首先我们先按Ctrl+Z将数据进行剪切，然后选中被覆盖的数据，如下图所示。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

然后单击右键，选择粘贴为数值，如下图所示。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

这样，数据就会成功被粘贴过来了，原来的数据也已经被覆盖了。

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

那么，在Excel表格当中，正确复制带公式数值的方法，是不是非常简单呢，你学会了吗？

Click:名古屋地域私立大学の学費比較

Looking to Buy a DATRON CNC Machine?

When interviewing potential candidates to join our DATRON team, I am usually faced with a mix of common questions like: “Why did you start DATRON?”, “Who are your competitors?”, “Do you offer a 401K plan?” The one common question, that is somewhat challenging to answer is “Why would a company buy a DATRON CNC machine?” This is a very good question … but the answer is complex. When I look at our customers who have purchased systems over the past 22 years, in most cases, they have decided on our technology for not just one, but a number of reasons. This got me thinking, what are the top ten reasons you should consider when buying a DATRON milling machine? Everyone loves a top ten list, so here goes:

High Speed. This is the heart and soul of DATRON milling machines. Not every customer of ours has purchased because of how fast we can machine a part, but most often this is one of the main reasons. If the application fit is right, meaning you need to machine parts with intricate detail, we likely are a very good solution. In a lot of benchmarks (test cuts of the customer’s part), it is commonplace that we are between 4 – 6 times faster in reduced cycle times over a conventional CNC machine tool.

Our Probe. This unique and fully integrated option on DATRON milling machines allows you to reduce set-up times and can reduce part rejection rates. The automatic edge measuring allows you to get started on a job quickly and can also be used to measure a surface, compensating for surface variances. This is great for large parts (like sheet material) that is difficult to mount perfectly flat. It is also helpful for materials that vary in surface thickness, such as plastic. Whatever the case, our customers have stated that our probe can virtually eliminate part rejection rates or allow them to machine jobs that were not even possible, before having this feature.

Our Support. We view support as a partnership, so our Customer Service team takes great pride in the expertise they provide and the relationships they build with our customers. In fact, it’s not unusual for an Application Engineer to support a DATRON customer over the phone at no cost; sometimes years after they purchased the machine from us. Whether you require a service technician on-site or just need us to ship locally stocked components, we are there when you need us.

• Large Traverse Area/Small Footprint. In this vast world of wide open spaces, we are often approached that there is not enough floor space for another machine tool in their manufacturing operation. Crazy to think but often obtaining more floor space translates to building additions or relocating. This can be very expensive or cost prohibitive. With the DATRON milling machine, the large machining area relative to the overall physical machine size, means our customers get significantly more machining capacity in a fraction of the floor space required for a typical machine tool.

Oil-less Coolant: Can you imagine machining a part that comes off the machine with zero, yes zero, oil residue. No part washing required with the DATRON milling machine. Our high-pressure, minimal-mist system evaporates clean as it meets the cutting tool. This also allows for more creative approaches to workholding, when you are not dealing with a flood-based system. Not to mention it saves on maintenance costs, oil coolant recycling fees, cleaning filtration systems and downtime associated with flood coolant, based systems.

Vacuum Tables: Unfortunately, vacuum tables seem to have a bad rap. So often machinists have struggled to get them to work and have been unsuccessful for many different reasons. Due to the oil-less coolant and low cutting forces of our high-speed spindles, we have developed a vacuum-based work holding system that can successfully hold tiny small parts that our customers had no chance of securing before. Our unique design allows you to profile cut (batch machine) small parts that can fit in the palm of your hand. Always one of the most fun, jaw-dropping capabilities witnessed by our customers when seeing for the first time.

Accuracy: Yes, there are more accurate machine tools on the market. So why mention accuracy? Because of the gantry-style design, we are commonly recognized as a “router” which is viewed as a low-accuracy machine. With the DATRON however, we use precision ball screws, linear scales, thermally matching materials and X, Y compensation in the control software that allow us to achieve impressive accuracies, comparable to much larger and heavier machining centers. This is particularly important when you consider the cost of the equipment required to produce a large-scale part, in a tight-tolerance range.

Automation: In today’s manufacturing world, the need for automation to reduce labor cost is often a key consideration in the buying decision. Our large machining area allows us room to configure very simple, automated, pick and place systems, without involving expensive, external third party robotic or pallet changing add-ons. Our self-contained system, operated from our machine software, permits you to place a part in a clamp, perform the machining operation and then place it back in a simple tray. No extra floor space or additional systems to install and learn are required. Now you can let the DATRON milling machine run for hours, without any operator interfacing, only to magically drop by at the end of a shift and claim your multitude of parts.

Operational Software: One of our best-kept secrets. Spending a day at DATRON usually never shows off the power of what our operating software can do, and I certainly won’t be able to pull this off in a short paragraph. Quite simply, taking G code from any CAD/CAM software combined with the ability to customize it, has enabled a lot of our customers to achieve production flows they could never do before. Asking custom questions to the machine operator, interfacing with bar-code scanners, serialization or importing data from Excel files are just a few examples of how our customers have leveraged our systems to automate and reduce costs.

The Cool Factor: When you buy a DATRON milling machine, you get form and function. All you need to do is take one look at our award-winning design to realize our technology is different. Many of our customers have chosen to showcase our systems front and center of their facility and are very proud of their DATRON milling machine. Our unconventional approach to the machining mainstream has become very disruptive to the manufacturing world. A new breed, a new look and an uncommon approach to machining parts gives our customers a unique competitive advantage. A very common expression that is stated after seeing our technology is simply that “it is really cool”.

DATRON Milling Machine Cool Factor: from the ergonomics of a touch-screen control to status lights on the gantry and monitor, DATRON machines look different … because they are different.

So, the next time someone interviewing for a job here asks, “Why do companies buy a DATRON milling machine?”, I will simply share this article.

Bill King
President of DATRON Dynamics, Inc.

In a recent Cable Testing 101 series blog on mixing multimode fiber types, we covered the considerations surrounding mixing legacy 62.5 micron (µm) OM1 fiber with today's laser optimized 50µm OM3 and OM4 fiber and highlighted the "gainers" that can happen when transmitting from a smaller 50µm fiber core to a larger 62.5µm fiber core.

Akin to water flowing from a small pipe into a large pipe, gainers are essentially perceived increases in optical power that occur at splice points due to variations in fiber characteristics. Gainers can be a significant source of confusion for new optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) users, so let's take a look at why these occur, what impact they have and how to avoid them.

What are the Causes?

Gainers can show up when using an OTDR to measure loss from one end of a fiber link, and they occur due to the way in which an OTDR measures reflected light along the length of the fiber. An OTDR assumes that fiber characteristics such as core and cladding size are consistent along the length, and it calculates signal loss based on the amount of reflected light, or backscatter, that it detects.

If both fibers are identical with no variations, the reflected light is the same on both sides of the splice. But if there are variations, there is a difference in the reflected light sent back to the OTDR. When the amount of reflected light is lower before the splice, the OTDR shows a loss value that is less than it actually is. And it doesn't take a lot of variation between two fibers for this to happen–a variation in fiber core diameter of just 1% is enough to be a problem.

It's not just transmitting from the smaller 50µm fiber core to a larger 62.5µm fiber core that can cause the problem. Gainers can also occur when splicing bend insensitive multimode fiber (BIMMF) to non-BIMMF. The design of BIMMF includes a specially engineered optical “trench” between the fiber core and cladding that helps confine the modes of light that are more likely to escape the fiber during bending. Since non-BIMMF does not include this trench, splicing the two fibers together can also cause a gainer when transmitting from the non-BIMMF to the BIMMF.

Why Is It a Problem?

The term "gainer" makes it seem like you are actually gaining something, and you might think that ending up with a lower than actual loss value is a good thing. Think again. Gainers ultimately don't gain you anything but headaches and increased cost.

When loss results are lower than they actually are, you might be under the misconception that there is plenty of headroom to add another connection point, extend the distance or simply guarantee performance. But gainers are false positives that when taken as true, can result in the fiber link ultimately not supporting the application.

For example, an OM4 150-meter channel has a maximum channel loss of 1.5dB to support 40 gigabit per second speeds (40GBASE-SR4). If you're measured loss comes in at 1.3dB, you might think it's okay to add another 0.2dB connector. But what if your measured loss includes a gainer caused by splicing two different fiber types, and the actual loss of the channel is already at 1.4dB? Now you end up with a customer asking you to come back and troubleshoot the installation to determine why they're not getting the data rate they should.

How Do You Prevent It?

Preventing gainers from impacting the quality of your installation is actually quite simple. That's because wherever there's a gainer, there's a loser. That's right. While transmitting from a smaller core to a larger causes the gainer, when the measurement is taken in the other direction, it's a loser with the measured loss greater than the actual loss.

The simple solution, and the one required by industry standards, is to measure in both directions–otherwise known as bidirectional testing. As shown here, when the OTDR trace with the gainer is averaged with the trace of the loser, the result is the actual loss.

Fluke Networks makes this even easier. To reduce the cost and time involved in measuring from both ends, our OptiFiber® Pro or DSX-5000 CableAnalyzer™ Pro feature a built-in “SmartLoop” Assistant that uses a loop at the remote end of a duplex fiber link, allowing you to test in both directions from one end. It also features on-board averaging of the two measurements to provide an accurate final loss measurement.

 

Akin to water flowing from a small pipe into a large pipe, gainers are essentially perceived increases in optical power that occur at splice points due to variations in fiber characteristics, including core diameter, numerical apertures, mode field diameters and backscatter coefficients.

Since gainers can be a significant source of confusion for new optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) users, let's take a look at why these occur, what impact they have and how to avoid them.

What are the Causes?

Gainers can show up when using an OTDR to measure loss from one end of a fiber link, and they occur due to the way in which an OTDR measures reflected light along the length of the fiber. An OTDR assumes that fiber characteristics such as core and cladding size are consistent along the length with no variations, and it calculates signal loss based on the amount of reflected light, or backscatter, that it detects.

But even if two connected fibers are the same type of fiber, they may not necessarily be cut from the same length of fiber so variations can still occur, including different backscatter coefficients (a fancy term for information about the relative backscatter level of the fiber). And that means that the fiber used for the launch and receive cords of the OTDR may also have a different backscatter coefficient than the fiber under test.

Different backscatter coefficients can cause more light to be backscattered after a connection than before the connection, causing the OTDR to show a loss value that is less than it actually is–a gainer.

Why Is It a Problem?

The term "gainer" makes it seem like you are actually gaining something, and you might think that ending up with a lower than actual loss value is a good thing. Think again. Gainers ultimately don't gain you anything but headaches and increased cost.

When loss results are lower than they actually are, you might be under the misconception that there is plenty of headroom to add another connection point, extend the distance or simply guarantee performance. But gainers are false positives that when taken as true, can result in the fiber link ultimately not supporting the application.

For example, an OM4 150-meter channel has a maximum channel loss of 1.5dB to support 40 gigabit per second speeds (40GBASE-SR4). If you're measured loss comes in at 1.3dB, you might think it's okay to add another 0.2dB connector. But what if your measured loss includes a gainer, and the actual loss of the channel is really closer to 1.4dB? Now you end up with a customer asking you to come back and troubleshoot the installation to determine why they're not getting the data rate they should.

How Do You Prevent It?

Preventing gainers from impacting the quality of your installation is actually quite simple. That's because wherever there's a gainer, there's a loser. That's right. While transmitting in one direction may cause the gainer, when the measurement is taken in the other direction where less light is backscattered after the connection, the measured loss is greater than the actual loss.

The simple solution, and the one required by industry standards, is to measure in both directions–otherwise known as bidirectional testing. As shown here, when the OTDR trace with the gainer is averaged with the trace of the loser, the result is the actual loss.

Fluke Networks makes this even easier. To reduce the cost and time involved in measuring from both ends, our OptiFiber® Pro or DSX-5000 CableAnalyzer™ Pro feature a built-in “SmartLoop” Assistant that uses a loop at the remote end of a duplex fiber link, allowing you to test in both directions from one end. It also features on-board averaging of the two measurements to provide an accurate final loss measurement.

Click:Best Geomembrane

In our last 101 Series Blog, we took at closer look at everything in blue at the top of your LinkWare Report. But what if your customer wants you to explain the detail and those pretty charts to the right?

Let's dive deeper so you're prepared for that possibility.

Critical Values

The section just below the blue area on your report shows the wire map test and a boxed-out area with critical values for the cable under test. These include the length (displayed in feet or meters depending on what the user selected), propagation delay, delay skew, resistance and insertion loss margin.

The detail of the insertion loss margin can be seen in the insertion loss graph to the right, and it includes the margin based on the worst pair, at what frequency and the test limit for that frequency.

For example, this report shows that the worst case margin for insertion loss occurred on Pair 7-8 at a frequency of 468 MHz with a margin of 44.4 dB below the limit of 47.6 dB–not too shabby but not surprising for a short 14 ft. cable length.

The Detail

The rest of your LinkWare report shows the worst case margins and worst case values for the worst pairs and at what frequency they occurred and detailed graphical results for Near End Crosstalk (NEXT), power sum NEXT (PSNEXT), attenuation to crosstalk ratio, far-end (ACR-F), power sum ACR-F (PSACR-F), attenuation to crosstalk ratio, near-end (ACR-N), power sum ACR-N (PSACR-N) and return loss (RL).

Depending on the test limit selected, the test might also include parameters that indicate balance and alien crosstalk performance, such as transverse conversion loss (TCL), equal level TCTL (ELTCTL), common mode to differential mode NEXT (CDNEXT) and common mode return loss (CMRL).

Versiv Kit Configurator

How will you be using your Versiv?

Take a Tour

Worst Case Margin vs. Worst Case Value

Regardless of the parameter, the test report shows the worst case margin and values for both the main test unit (MAIN) and the smart remote unit (SR). But what is the difference?

Worst case margin is based on where the value came the closest to the limit line, which is what you should be most concerned about. Worst case value is the amount of margin at the point where the value was the worst overall but not in relation to the limit line. And because the tester looks for worst case margin and worst case value for all pairs and pair combinations, the worst case margin and worst case value might not be on the same pair. They can however be the same value on the same pair.

This report shows that the worst case NEXT margin for the main unit of 7 dB occurred between Pairs 1-2 and 7-8 at 498 MHz, while the worst case margin for the remote unit of 7.3 dB occurred at 220.5 MHz. Both of these can be seen in the graphical representation as the location where the line gets closest to the limit.

When It Fails

When a cable fails (and at some point it will), you'll see the distinguishable big red X in the top right corner of the LinkWare™ PC cable test management software and a test summary of FAIL. Thankfully, the report also tells you why–also in red so you don't miss it.

This report here clearly shows in red that the test failed for length limit, coming in at 364 ft instead of the 295-ft limit (this tester was set to feet instead of meters). It also shows failure for propagation delay and insertion loss (likely due to the excessive length).

Now that you know how to read your LinkWare reports, why not take advantage of LinkWare Live service that lets you upload test results from any location. It takes just a few minutes to set up, and it's free!

View the Versiv Configurator

 

In our last Cable Testing 101 series, we covered the difference between OM3 and OM4 50µm multimode fiber — primarily the fact that the fiber core of OM4 has been constructed to provide better attenuation and higher bandwidth, thereby allowing for longer link lengths.

With OM4 at a premium over OM3, many data centers and LANs not requiring the extra distance afforded by OM4 continue to deploy OM3 multimode fiber cabling, and it remains more widely deployed for that reason. And while the two fiber types can be mixed due to the same core size, there are some considerations in general when it comes to mixing multimode fiber types.

Staying in Your Budget

It's important for cabling infrastructure designers to know which type of fiber is being used, and it's recommended to use one type of fiber throughout an entire channel to avoid potential performance issues. Due to its lower attenuation and greater modal bandwidth, OM4 supports 40 and 100 Gig to a 150-meter distance while OM3 fiber only supports these applications to a 100-meter distance.

If you're troubleshooting a fiber channel greater than 100 meters that your customer claims is OM4, check the cable legend. It could be failing insertion loss because it was actually deployed with OM3. Depending on their length, using OM3 fiber jumpers on an OM4 link can also have an impact on loss– especially if the link is pushing the upper limits of the budget to begin with.

What's more of a concern however is the mixing of OM3 or OM4 components with legacy OM1 62.5/125 fiber that has a larger core size of 62.5µm. Mixing different core sizes is akin to connecting two different size water pipes–when water flows from the larger pipe into the smaller pipe, it's evitable that you'll lose some. The same holds true for light. Mixing OM1 with OM3 or OM4 will cause high loss when transmitting from the 62.5µm core into the 50µm core.

Keep an Eye on the Color

Thankfully OM1 cable is orange in color, while OM3 and OM4 are typically aqua. That makes it easy to distinguish the two. But determining the difference between aqua OM3 and aqua OM4 cabling isn't as simple unless you can access and easily read the legend on the cable.

In most of Europe, and starting to gain ground here in North America, is the use of Erika violet for OM4 components. So if you see a "pretty in pink" cabling plant, you'll know right away that you're dealing with OM4.

 

What About My TRCs?

If you're testing an OM4 cable plant, you don't need to worry about the fact that the Test Reference Cords (TRCs) that come with Fluke Networks CertiFiber® Pro are made with OM3 fiber. The fiber used in these TRCs features tighter core concentricity (i.e., common center) required to maintain Encircled Flux  compliance, and you can use them to test any 50µm multimode fiber since we are measuring optical loss of the link not modal bandwidth. But if you're testing legacy OM1 62.5µm OM1 fiber, you'll need to make sure you have a matching core size in your TRC. Not a problem — 62.5µm TRCs are available from Fluke Networks as an optional accessory.

Download Fiber Poster

A geomembrane may sound like a medical experiment gone wrong, but its uses and applications are both varied and fascinating. Geomembranes are synthetic membrane liners or barriers used to control fluid migration in a manmade project, structure, or system. They are made from relatively thin continuous polymeric sheets that are sometimes made from the infusion of geotextiles with asphalt, elastomer, or polymer sprays. This means that their applications to geotechnical engineering and other industrial clients are endless.

Geomembranes are being used in environmental, hydraulic, transportation, and oil and gas applications as well as the waste industry. The most common type are the continuous polymeric sheets. When larger geomembranes are needed, they are thermally or chemically melted together at the seams for strength and durability. The size of the geomembrane is completely customizable, so they are can be as small as a backyard fish pond or as large as a football field if necessary.

Why Might You Need a Geomembrane?

Whether you are managing an industrial site or maintaining a recreational pond, a geomembrane offers significant benefits:

• Environmental Protection: Prevent soil and groundwater contamination from hazardous substances.
• Cost Savings: Reduce maintenance costs by providing a long-term solution to water containment and pollution prevention.
• Regulatory Compliance: Meet stringent environmental regulations and avoid costly penalties.
• Enhanced Water Management: Minimize water loss due to seepage, enhancing overall efficiency in irrigation or water storage.

Common Uses of a Geomembrane Liner

To get a better idea of what you can use a geomembrane for, here are just some of the most common uses:

• As liners for potable or reserve water (e.g., safe shutdown of nuclear facilities)
• As fish pond liners
• As liners for waste liquids (e.g., sewage sludge), radioactive or hazardous waste liquid
• As liners for the agriculture industry
• As liners for various waste conveyance canals
• As liners for primary, secondary, and/or tertiary solid-waste landfills and waste piles
• As linings for emergency spillways
• As waterproofing liners within tunnels and pipelines
• To contain and transport liquids in trucks
• To contain and transport potable water and other liquids in the ocean
• Beneath highways to prevent pollution from deicing salts
• Beneath and adjacent to highways to capture hazardous liquid spills.

Basically, geomembranes are used wherever loss of material cannot be allowed, be that clean water, wastewater, vapor, soil, hazardous materials, or any other substance that doesn’t need to escape its designated space. Because flowing, pooling, frozen, and standing liquids (and even vapors) can be so devastating if not managed properly, these geomembranes have allowed industries to continue to develop and support many more projects than previously done before.

Geomembranes vs. Other Materials

Geomembrane liners, specifically those made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or reinforced polyethylene (RPE), offer superior performance compared to traditional liner options like clay or concrete. Their superiority stems from a range of advantageous properties, including their impermeability, durability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation. 

1. Impermeability

One of the most important functions of any liner is to prevent leakage and seepage. HDPE and RPE geomembranes are engineered to be highly impermeable, creating a robust barrier against liquids and gases. Their low permeability rates are far superior to compacted clay liners, which are prone to cracking and shrinking over time. Concrete can also develop cracks due to temperature changes, chemical attack, or settling. In contrast, HDPE and RPE liners provide a continuous, seamless barrier.

2. Chemical Resistance

Both HDPE and RPE liners have excellent resistance to a broad range of chemicals, making them ideal for use in industrial waste containment, mining operations, and agricultural applications. They resist corrosion and degradation even in harsh environments. Conversely, clay can be eroded by certain chemicals, and concrete is susceptible to acid attack and sulfate damage.

3. Durability and Longevity

HDPE and RPE liners are known for their exceptional durability. They are UV-resistant and can withstand extreme temperatures, ensuring long-term stability even under harsh environmental conditions. Their flexibility allows them to adapt to ground movement and settling without cracking. In contrast, concrete and clay liners are more rigid and can crack under similar conditions, reducing their effectiveness over time.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

From a cost perspective, geomembrane liners offer a more economical solution than concrete. HDPE and RPE liners are lightweight, reducing transportation costs. They can also be prefabricated to specific dimensions, simplifying the installation process and minimizing labor costs. Clay and concrete liners typically require extensive site preparation and skilled labor, driving up costs.

5. Ease of Installation

Installing HDPE and RPE liners is relatively straightforward. They can be welded together to form large, continuous sheets with minimal seams, which reduces the risk of leakage. Installation is also quicker compared to laying concrete or compacting clay layers. This ease of installation translates into significant time savings, particularly for large projects.

Back to All Articles

Click:high-voltage insulator coatings

Star Rapid has just added to its molding capacity with a new Haitian 90-ton injection molding machine. This machine has a re-designed ceramic heating core that allows for the efficient melting of many kinds of thermoplastics for molding.

In addition, the bi-metal screw resists corrosion and can withstand fire-retardant additives.

Other recent improvements include updated bearing surfaces and a new platen and toggle system for greater precision and faster cycle times. Just another example of Star meeting the needs of their customers. And stay tuned for another exciting new machine introduction next week. Let’s get started!