# Revolutionizing Temperature Measurement: The Power of Fiber Optic Sensors

## Introduction

Temperature measurement is a critical aspect of various industries, from manufacturing to healthcare. Traditional methods, such as thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), have served us well, but the advent of fiber optic temperature sensors has brought about a paradigm shift in how we measure and monitor temperature.

## What are Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors?

Fiber optic temperature sensors are advanced devices that use optical fibers to measure temperature. These sensors rely on the principle that certain properties of light, such as intensity, wavelength, or phase, change in response to temperature variations. By analyzing these changes, fiber optic sensors can provide highly accurate and reliable temperature readings.

## Key Advantages of Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors

### High Accuracy and Precision

One of the most significant advantages of fiber optic temperature sensors is their high accuracy and precision. Unlike traditional sensors, which can be affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and other environmental factors, fiber optic sensors are immune to such disturbances. This makes them ideal for use in environments where precision is paramount, such as in medical applications or high-tech manufacturing.

### Wide Temperature Range

Fiber optic temperature sensors can operate over a wide temperature range, from cryogenic temperatures to extremely high temperatures. This versatility makes them suitable for a variety of applications, including aerospace, energy, and industrial processes.

### Compact and Lightweight

The compact and lightweight nature of fiber optic sensors is another significant advantage. Their small size allows for easy integration into complex systems without adding significant weight or bulk. This is particularly beneficial in applications where space and weight are critical factors, such as in aviation or automotive industries.

### Durability and Longevity

Fiber optic sensors are known for their durability and longevity. Unlike traditional sensors, which may degrade over time due to exposure to harsh conditions, fiber optic sensors are resistant to corrosion, moisture, and other environmental factors. This results in a longer lifespan and reduced maintenance costs.

## Applications of Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors

### Medical Industry

In the medical industry, fiber optic temperature sensors are used for precise temperature monitoring during surgeries and other medical procedures. Their immunity to EMI makes them safe to use in environments with sensitive electronic equipment, such as MRI machines.

### Energy Sector

In the energy sector, fiber optic sensors are employed for monitoring temperatures in power plants, oil refineries, and renewable energy installations. Their ability to withstand high temperatures and harsh conditions makes them ideal for these applications.

### Aerospace and Defense

The aerospace and defense industries benefit from the lightweight and durable nature of fiber optic sensors. They are used for temperature monitoring in aircraft engines, spacecraft, and military equipment, where reliability and precision are crucial.

### Industrial Manufacturing

In industrial manufacturing, fiber optic temperature sensors are used for process control and quality assurance. Their high accuracy and ability to operate in extreme conditions make them valuable tools for ensuring product quality and optimizing manufacturing processes.

## Conclusion

Fiber optic temperature sensors represent a significant advancement in temperature measurement technology. Their high accuracy, wide temperature range, compact size, and durability make them superior to traditional sensors in many applications. As industries continue to demand more precise and reliable temperature monitoring, fiber optic sensors are poised to play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of temperature measurement.

Industry 4.0 represents the next generation of manufacturing for an inter-connected world. To empower it, several discrete technologies and processes are being brought together to form a new ecosystem that will respond independently and automatically to external conditions. This saves time, money, energy and natural resources while producing goods of superior quality exactly when and where needed. Here’s a look at the 7 core features of Industry 4.0 and what they mean for the factory of today and tomorrow.

Mass Production – 1913

Henry Ford is credited with instituting the systematic and repeatable production of a single item on a moving assembly line. This brought the time needed to make a car down from 12 hours to 2 1/2, a massive productivity gain that set the standard for mass production that is still being improved upon today. Industry 2.0 begins with mass production.

 

 

 

 

Digital Manufacturing – 1945

Although electrically-operated computing devices had been built before this, each of the earlier prototypes was limited to performing a single routine function over and over again, based on very simple operating instructions. The ENIAC was the first computer whose function was not pre-determined, but could be altered by the operator to perform a variety of computing tasks. This is the beginning of the digital age, bringing us the computers we use every day to monitor and control all business activities.

 

Machine Automation – 1954

Inventor George Devol’s original idea for a powered, articulated armature was coined a “robot” after Isaac Asimov’s sci-fi stories. The first such machine was named Unimate #001, and was installed at a GM auto factory to help make automotive die castings. The robot revolution and machine automation is considered to be the foundation of Industry 3.0.

 

 

 

 

Machine Learning – 1956

The concept of artificial intelligence as an academic discipline started at Dartmouth College in the mid-50s. The task of making an electronic brain would turn out to be much more formidable than first imagined. Computer architecture is now mimicking that of humans, with massive parallel processors able to share information among themselves using free association to create new concepts – i.e., thinking.

 

 

 

 

Virtual Reality – 1960

The first head-mounted display was patented by Morton Heilig to give film viewers the sense that they were immersed in a fully 3D, imaginary world. Continuous improvements in this technology allow us to not only imagine a digital space but also to interact with it via haptics and to manipulate this space to test process control improvements in real time.

 

 

 

 

Remote Sensing – 1973

The origins of this technology go all the way back to the 40’s, when radio-frequency transponders were used to identify friendly aircraft in wartime. Now, both active and passive systems are used in countless devices for security access, inventory control, shipment tracking, anti-theft and more. Billions of such RFID tags have now created the ever-expanding Internet of Things.

 

 

 

 

Cloud Computing – 2000

Tim Berners-Lee released the software architecture for the public Internet in 1991, but it wasn’t until 2000 that private companies like Amazon and IBM began to offer commercial services to leverage this massively distributed and decentralized resource as an IT solution. Now shared computing power saves resources, is location-independent, and offers enhanced mobile data security.

Smart factories use sensors, big data and automated equipment to immediately respond to constantly changing conditions and demands. Star Rapid is working to be at the forefront of these developments offer the smartest, leanest and fastest manufacturing solutions in the industry. Learn more when you upload your CAD files for a free design quotation at www.starrapid.com

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As CNC has evolved over time, the level of technology and customization have grown to provide shop owners with incredible capability and versatility on a wide range of projects. From automatic tool changers and PCI controllers to touch probes and advanced methods of dust collection, there is certainly no shortage of innovation in the industry helping drive production forward.

While perhaps not as technologically advanced as some of these other devices, v-bits and the practice of v-carving work to provide operators with increased precision, efficiency, and versatility in the shop. Heres a closer look at how v-carving works and the primary advantages it can provide both experienced shop owners and hobbyists alike.

What is v-carving?

V-carving is a method of cutting that leverages a v-shaped bit to generate designs with varied widths. The shape of the v-bit creates carves that are narrow at the tip of the bit and wider at the base of the bit, opposing the use of straight-cut bits that provide a uniform cut all the way through.

During operation, the v-bit gradually rises up as it exits a toolpath (as the z-axis moves in sync with the x- and y-axes), creating a tapered look entirely unique to v-carving. While cutting, the angle and width of the v-bit need to be taken into account, as a steeper angle will lead to a deeper cut while a wider bit will lead to a wider cut.

What are the advantages of v-carving?

In addition to helping create a more compelling look on many carving projects, v-carving also has numerous other benefits that can help increase the quality and efficiency of your work.

Increased precision

While straight-cut bits can only carve areas as wide as the bits diameter, v-carving provides a much greater level of precision. Most v-bit tips have a cutting diameter of .001, allowing you to perform cuts of almost any diameter no matter how small.

Increased efficiency

The fact that a single v-bit can perform cuts of many varying diameters means you can carve multiple diameters without ever needing to pause to change the bit. This, combined with the fact that v-carving doesnt require multiple passes, makes it a highly efficient process capable of speeding up production on projects of any scale.

Increased durability

Durability is key in working with CNC routers and CNC plasmas, as the lasting performance of machines and their components can make a big difference in the quality of your work and in the budgeting for repairs and replacement parts. V-bits are known to be a bit more durable than fragile engraving bits, allowing you to perform better work for longer without having to worry about easy damage or the need to replace.

Increased versatility

V-carving not only delivers added versatility in the cuts that can be executed without needing to pause the machine, but it can also be performed on essentially any material that can be cut with a CNC router. Including metals, plastics, and foam, v-carving also looks amazing on natural materials like wood, where you can see the grain throughout the cut. Be sure to test your v-bit on any new materials before beginning a project to see how deep you can cut in a single pass. This can also help determine suitable feed rates before you get started.

Software compatibility

V-carving sounds great in theory, but you might be wondering how easily you can deploy it within your everyday CNC work. Thankfully, many of the industrys most popular CAD/CAM systems are able to perform v-carving with ease, letting you create custom designs in addition to hosting many different fonts and stroke widths.

VCarve Pro is a personal favorite CAD/CAM platform of ours, enabling unmatched ease and capability on cuts of any complexity.

 

Take your CNC capability to the next level with ShopSabre

ShopSabres industry-best CNC routers and plasmas are designed to help shop owners grow their production through unmatched precision, repeatability, and automation all at an affordable price.

Our machines are easy to get up and running and to learn how to operate, even without any formal training. Our team of dedicated experts offers one-on-one support to help find the right machine for you and to make sure it works the way you and your business need it to.

Here are a few of the reasons ShopSabre is able to develop and produce such revolutionary CNC technology:

• Experienced in-house engineering talent
• The ability to totally fabricate and test designs onsite
• The ability to place the designs into production in-house

Shop our unmatched collection ofCNC routersandCNC plasmasin Minneapolis today to experience CNC the way it was meant to be.

The majority of parts made using injection molding are rigid plastic components. Typically, these parts are made from thermoplastics like ABS or PC, with different plastics offering different material properties to suit different applications.

However, injection molding can also be used to make flexible moldings: parts that are soft, pliable, shock-absorbing, ductile, or elastic. Products like hand grips, gaskets, protective smartphone covers, and certain medical implants all require a rubber-like material in order to perform their function, and injection molding offers two standout material options for making such products.

The first of these materials is liquid silicone rubber (LSR), a thermoset that requires its own special variant of the injection molding process. The other is a group of thermoplastics known as thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), which can be processed like common rigid thermoplastics but which offer rubber-like properties.

This article examines the LSR vs TPE injection molding discussion, comparing material properties, advantages and disadvantages, and suitable applications.

What is liquid silicone rubber (LSR)?

Liquid silicone rubber is a high-purity form of cured silicone. It is a chemically inert thermoset with material characteristics such as biocompatibility, chemical resistance, water resistance, excellent compression set, flame retardancy, and heat resistance up to 250 °C.

Injection molding LSR requires a special process generally known as liquid silicone rubber molding. Unlike a standard injection molding machine, the equipment comprises a metered pumping device for dispensing the two liquid materials (catalyst and base forming silicone) and a mixer for combining the materials before they enter the mold. The mold cavity is heated, allowing vulcanization of the silicone to take place within the cavity.

What are thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs)?

Thermoplastic elastomers or thermoplastic rubbers are a class of thermoplastics exhibiting both thermoplastic and elastomeric material properties. Because they are thermoplastics, they are easier to manufacture than other rubber-like materials, being highly suited to injection molding and extrusion-style 3D printing.

TPEs have good thermal properties, good stability, and require minimal energy to manufacture. They can also be easily recycled, as TPE parts can be melted down without burning.

Some of the most common types of TPEs are:

• Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU): good clarity, good wear resistance, range of hardnesses
• Thermoplastics vulcanizates (TPV): matte finish, high compression set
• Styrenic block copolymers (TPS): highest level of flexibility among TPEs
• Polyolefin blends (TPO): tough, good impact strength
• Thermoplastic copolyesters (TPC): good tear strength, impact strength
• Thermoplastic polyamides (TPA): high temperature resistance, low compression set

LSR injection molding vs TPE injection molding

Both liquid silicone rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have their own unique advantages as injection molding materials. In short, LSR offers superior elastomeric performance in addition to chemical advantages, while TPE is easier and more convenient to process.

LSR advantages

TPE advantages

Very high temperature resistance

Compatible with standard injection molding machine

Biocompatibility for medical and food applications

Re-moldable and recyclable

High level of tear strength

Fast, simple, and less expensive molding process

Superior chemical resistance

Easy to add color with pigments

Minimal warping even with uneven wall thicknesses

Heat sealable

Superior compression set

Pellets easy to handle

LSR injection molding applications

Although the liquid silicone molding process requires specialist equipment and requires longer molding cycles than thermoplastic injection molding, the unique benefits of LSR — such as its exceptional compression set — give it a number of important applications, from healthcare to industry.

Some injection molded silicone part examples include:

• Silicone medical implants such as orthopedics, cardiovascular stents, pacemakers, lenses, and soft tissue implants
• Medical devices such as surgical instruments and drug delivery devices
• Headphone and hearing aid tips
• Baby bottle tips
• Shower heads
• Electronic device components such as keyboard interfaces
• Electronic device protective covers and skins
• Watertight gaskets
• Heat-resistant and UV-resistant automotive components such as O-rings, bellows, and stoppers

TPE injection molding applications

Injection molding thermoplastic elastomers requires the same equipment and process as standard thermoplastics, making fabrication of TPE moldings fast, affordable, and simple. The material also offers important material properties, which can vary greatly depending on the type of TPE chosen.

Some injection molded thermoplastic elastomer part examples include:

• Soft-touch grips for handheld tools and devices (sometimes via overmolding)
• Certain food products such as bottle cap liners
• Electronic device components such as enclosures
• Electronic device protective covers and skins
• Shoe soles
• SCUBA flippers
• Wheels for skates and skateboards
• Sealing rings
• Automotive components such as suspension bushings

Design considerations

Although both LSR and TPEs can be injection molded, different design rules apply to the two materials.

Overall, LSR offers greater design freedom than thermoplastics like TPEs, mostly due to its extreme flexibility. Because silicone moldings are highly pliable, part ejection is simple: the soft part can usually be removed manually from the cavity without the use of ejector pins. Protruding undercuts are generally no problem either, as these sections can be squashed or bent around the corner of the mold.

Furthermore, because liquid silicone flows easily, product designers can be more liberal with uneven wall thicknesses — features that would potentially cause filling or warping issues with thermoplastics like TPEs. However, one advantage of TPEs over silicone is that the higher viscosity of the thermoplastic makes it less likely to leak out at the parting line and cause flash. Silicone molds require effective sealing and clamping to prevent flash.

3ERP offers a range of injection molding services, including plastic injection molding, silicone injection molding, and metal injection molding. Request a free quote for your next batch of flexible molded parts.

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Fundamentally, you need precision machines. If your machine tolerance is +/- 0.05mm, but you try to make some parts with +/-0.01mm tolerance, that’s not going to happen for sure. An ant won’t be able to lift an elephant.

Once you have precision machines ready, does that mean you can start to make precision parts? Not yet. Then, you need to invest good tool holder and tools. A good tool holder that you can install tools precisely. Normally, we will keep the concentricity around +/- 0.005mm.

With all these equipment and very experienced engineers who can sort out the best way to make a prototype parts and production including set up the proper fixture, optimize the tool path, avoid deformation, etc. To ensure all parts are done right in one go.

The on-site inspection system also helps a lot during manufacturing. We know exactly if the actual parts on the machine are good or not. And the system will adjust the tool path base the inspection result. If we found problem on half way, and it is not possible to fix, then we won’t invest time to continue further steps.

Learn more about our CNC milling services

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Chrome plating is a popular finish for metal objects, but it can be difficult to remove if you need to change the color or appearance of the metal underneath. There are a few different methods to remove chrome plating, depending on the type of metal and the amount of chrome that needs to be removed.

Sometimes this is a task that can easily be carried out at home, but often it’s best to let the professionals handle it. Some methods may require special equipment or chemicals, so it’s essential to do your research before starting the removal process.

What Is Chrome Plating?

Chrome plating is a process in which a thin layer of chrome is applied to a metal surface. The chromium layer provides a shiny, reflective finish as well as increased resistance to corrosion and tarnishing. Chrome plating is often used on car parts, such as bumpers and wheels, but it can also be used on household fixtures, such as door handles and other fixtures.

What Process Is Used in Chrome Plating?

The chrome plating process uses electroplating, a way to use electricity to coat one metal with another. In this case, the metal being coated is usually steel or aluminum, and the coating is chromium.

The part that will be chrome plated is first cleaned and then placed in a solution that contains chromic acid. An electrical current is passed through the solution, and this causes the chromium atoms to adhere to the surface of the metal. The thickness of the chromium coating can be controlled by adjusting the amount of time the part spends in the solution.

After the desired thickness is achieved, the part is rinsed and then heated so that the chromium forms a strong bond with the surface of the metal.

Why Would You Want to Remove it?

If the metal underneath is damaged, it may be necessary to strip off the chrome plating to repair it. In other cases, the chrome plating may simply be worn or scratched, and it may be necessary to remove it to apply a new layer.

Potential Hazards Faced When Removing Chrome Plating by Yourself

Before attempting to remove chrome plating, you should be aware of a few potential hazards. Gloves, goggles, and respiration masks are essential to protect yourself from the chemicals used in the process. Inhaling fumes from the chemicals can be dangerous, so it’s important to work in a well-ventilated area. You should also avoid getting solutions on your skin.

Another hazard to be aware of is the potential for creating electrical shocks. When working with electrical currents and chemicals, electrocution is always a risk. Be sure to take all necessary safety precautions.

Chrome Plating Types

There are two types of chrome plating: decorative and hard.

Hard Chrome Plating

Hard chrome is a thick layer of chromium that is applied to a metal surface to provide increased wear resistance. It is often used on tools and machine parts subject to high friction levels. Due to its thickness, hard chrome is more difficult to remove than decorative chrome.

Decorative Chrome Plating

In contrast, decorative chrome is applied with a thin layer of chromium to the surface of the metal to provide a shiny, reflective finish. It is often used on car parts and household fixtures, providing protection but mainly for its aesthetic appeal. In most cases, decorative chrome is easier to remove than hard chrome plating.

Ways to Remove Chrome Plating From Metal

Now that you have a primer on all things chrome plating, it’s time to learn about the different ways that you can remove it. As we mentioned before, chrome plating is applied using an electroplating process.

There are a few methods that can be used to remove chrome plating from metal, and we’ll go over each one in detail.

Specialist Equipment

The first method is to use specialist equipment. This is the most expensive option but also the most effective. If you decide to go this route, find a reputable professional with experience removing chrome plating.

Abrasive Blaster

Abrasive blasting uses high-pressure air to propel abrasive particles such as sand, glass beads, or steel shot against a surface. This process can be used for various purposes, including removing paint, rust, or other deposits.

Abrasive blasters are a common sight in body shops, where they are used to remove chrome or other finishes from car parts. The high-pressure stream of abrasive particles strips away the chrome coating, leaving the metal surface exposed and undamaged.

Abrasive blasting is generally safe when done correctly, but some risks are associated with the practice. These include inhalation of dust particles, eye injury from flying debris, and skin irritation from exposure to the blasting material.

Ultrasonic Cleaner

The other specialized equipment method that can be used to remove chrome plating is an ultrasonic cleaner. Typically used for cleaning delicate electronic parts or jewelry, ultrasonic cleaners use high-frequency sound waves to remove dirt, grime, and other deposits from surfaces.

When it comes to removing chrome plating, ultrasonic cleaners work by causing the chromium particles to vibrate at a high frequency. This process breaks the bond between the chromium and the metal surface, causing the chrome to flake off.

The main advantage of using an Ultrasonic cleaner is that it is a gentle method of chrome removal and easy to use. However, unless you have ready access to an ultrasonic cleaner, the expense of investing in one may not be worth it for a one-time chrome removal project. In addition, because they are limited in size, you can only use them to remove chrome from small objects.

Using Chemicals

The next method that can be used to remove chrome plating is using chemicals. While chemicals are a less expensive way to remove chrome plating, they should also be handled with extreme care as they can be dangerous. Protective clothing and gloves are a must when working with these chemicals.

Hydrochloric Acid

Also known as muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid is a corrosive material used for various purposes, including cleaning masonry and removing rust. It is also an effective way to remove chrome plating from metal.

An acid solution with a 30–40% concentration should be enough to remove chrome.

The process is simple enough, taking care to avoid skin contact.

1. First, you’ll need to dilute the hydrochloric acid with water in a ratio of 1/3 part acid to 1 part water. You’ll need a heavy-duty metal bucket or another suitable chemical-friendly container to mix the two together.
2. Put the chrome-plated item in the solution and let it soak there until the chrome comes off.
3. Once the chrome has been stripped away, remove the item from the bucket and rinse it off with clean water and soap.

Sodium Hydroxide

You might know sodium hydroxide by the more common name of lye or caustic soda. It is used in various ways, including making soap, unclogging drains, and in this case, an effective way to remove chrome plating from metal.

We should strongly point out that if the base metal is aluminum, and the sodium hydroxide is mixed with water to form a solution, it can give off hydrogen gas. This is highly explosive and should be avoided at all costs.

The process for using sodium hydroxide to remove chrome plating is similar to that of hydrochloric acid.

1. First of all, mix between 8 to 12 fl ounces/227 ml to 355 ml of sodium hydroxide with a gallon of water or 3.785 L. Using a container made of neutral material is crucial, like a heavy-duty plastic bucket, as lye is corrosive.
2. Soak the object in the mixture, ensuring it is completely submerged. This could be a slow process, so regularly check to see if the chrome has started to come off.
3. Once the chrome is stripped away, remove the item from the bucket, clean it with soap and water, and rinse and dry.

Reverse the Electroplating Process

The final method we will look at for removing chrome plating using chemicals is to reverse the electroplating process. It involves a live current, sulphuric acid, and chromic acid; for this reason, it is the most dangerous of the methods discussed and could result in serious injury.

This method should only be attempted by someone with a working knowledge of electricity and chemicals. Toxic and carcinogenic fumes will be given off during the process, and with the live current, there is a serious risk of electrocution.

To briefly summarize the process:

1. The chromic and sulphuric acid are mixed in water to make the solution.
2. The solution is then heated to a temperature determined by the type of chrome plating being reversely electroplated, and from a DC power source, a negative charge is run through the solution.
3. The object to be stripped is connected to a positive cathode, which is then immersed into the solution.
4. The process takes place until the chrome is removed. The object is then rinsed, and the chemicals should be disposed of professionally.

Removing Chrome Coating Using Everyday Household Products

If you want to avoid using any of the dangerous chemicals that we have looked at, there are some methods that make use of more common household products.

Baking Soda

Baking soda is one of the most versatile products to have in the home. If the chrome is thin, you can use it as an abrasive to simply scrub away the chrome plating.

Make a paste using baking soda and water, apply it to the chrome surface, and rub it with a cloth or brush. Stop and check your progress from time to time to ensure you don’t scratch the underlying metal surface.

Bleach

Another option for using a product often found in the home is bleach—soaking the item you want the chrome removed from in a bleach bath for a day or so should do the trick if the chromium plating isn’t too thick. Ensure you dispose of the bleach after use, don’t reuse it for anything else.

In Conclusion

We hope that this article has given you some ideas on how to go about removing chrome plating from metal. As we have seen, there are a few ways to do it, some using everyday household items, others using more dangerous chemicals or specialized equipment. The method you choose depends on the item you want to strip and how comfortable you are working with chemicals.

One final word of advice, if you are unsure about any of the methods or chemicals used in this article, please consult a professional before attempting to remove chrome plating yourself.